Actualización en carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides refractario a radioyodo / Update on iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma

La terapia con radioyodo constituye un pilar fundamental en la terapia adyuvante de rutina de los pacientes con carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides de alto riesgo. Sin embargo, un porcentaje no despreciable de estos pacientes desarrollaran un estado de refractariedad a este tratamiento, mostrando un peor pronóstico, disminuyendo la supervivencia y la esperanza de vida, lo que demuestra una clara necesidad de explorar distintos abordajes terapéuticos. El tratamiento de los pacientes refractarios al radioyodo sigue siendo un desafío, disponiendo en la actualidad de distintas opciones terapéuticas novedosas que deben ser conocidas por las distintas especialidades relacionadas con el carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (CDT). El objetivo del presente trabajo es hacer una revisión del CDT refractario al tratamiento con yodo radiactivo, centrándose especialmente en la definición de yodorrefractariedad, destacando su importancia por su elevada mortalidad, e introducir las diferentes opciones terapéuticas disponibles para estos pacientes (AU)

Radioiodine therapy represents a fundamental pillar in the routine adjuvant therapy of patients with high-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma. However, a non-negligible percentage of these patients will develop iodine refractoriness, showing a worse prognosis, as well a lower survival, which demonstrates a clear need to explore different therapeutic approaches. Iodine refractory patient treatment continues to be a challenge, currently having different novel therapeutic options that should be known by the different specialties related to differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). The aim of this work is to review iodine refractory thyroid carcinoma treatment, focusing especially on the definition of iodine refractoriness, highlighting its importance due to its high mortality, and introducing the different therapeutic options available for these patients (AU)

Update on iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Radioiodine therapy represents a fundamental pillar in the routine adjuvant therapy of patients with high-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma. However, a non-negligible percentage of these patients will develop iodine refractoriness, showing a worse prognosis, as well a lower survival, which demonstrates a clear need to explore different therapeutic approaches. Iodine refractory patient treatment continues to be a challenge, currently having different novel therapeutic options that should be known by the different specialties related to differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). The aim of this work is to review iodine refractory thyroid carcinoma treatment, focusing especially on the definition of iodine refractoriness, highlighting its importance due to its high mortality, and introducing the different therapeutic options available for these patients.

Development of a leakage monitoring system in isolated limb perfusion with portable gamma camera. / Desarrollo de un protocolo de monitorización de fuga en perfusión de miembro aislado con gammacámara portátil.

Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is a method for treating unresectable lesions of limbs in patients with melanoma or sarcoma by using high doses of tumor necrosis factor alpha and melphalan. These high doses can result in high systemic toxicity if there is a drug leak from the isolated circulation of the limb to the systemic. This makes it imperative to monitor the leakage rate (F[%]) during the infusion, currently performed with radiotracers. The objective of this work was to develop a leakage monitoring protocol as accurate as possible to ensure safe ILP. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We built a phantom with 3compartments (body, limb and precordial area) and a high sensitivity collimator fitted to a portable gammacamera. We simulate ILP with scheduled leaks every 10minutes from 1% to 9% (theorical F[%]). We mesured F(%) using 2equation: one is the proposed in the literature and another corrected by decay of the radioisotope. We test the optimal radiopharmaceutical doses to minimize the detector dead time error and compare F(%) mesured by both equations regarding the theoretical F(%). The leakage monitoring protocol was used in 17 ILP of 16 patients and an analysis of the recorded data was performed. RESULTS: We found significant differences between F(%) mesured using the first equation and theoretical F(%), obtaining results very adjusted to the theorical after applying the decay correction. CONCLUSIONS: The decay correction of the radioisotope is a simple manner to carry out the procedure more safely, reducing the error in the calculation of F(%).

Metástasis cutánea de carcinoma tiroideo folicular de células de Hürthle / Cutaneous metastasis from Hürthle cell follicular thyroid carcinoma

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Falso positivo en rastreo con 131I por quiste de Naboth / False-positive 131I uptake secondary to nabothian cyst

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Exéresis radiodirigida mediante técnica Radioguided occult lesion localisation de metástasis de partes blandas hipermetabólica en tomografía por emisión de positrones-tomografía computarizada en paciente con cáncer de mama / Use of the Radioguided occult lesion localisation technique in the resection of an 18F-FDG-avid soft-tissue metastasis in a patient with history of breast cancer

La técnica Radioguided occult lesion localisation (ROLL) con macroagregados de albúmina es un método recientemente descrito para la exéresis de lesiones metabólicamente positivas descritas previamente en PET/TC, que permite la extirpación de lesiones de pequeño tamaño y no palpables mediante un procedimiento quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo. Mostramos el primer caso realizado en nuestro centro que permitió resecar una metástasis de partes blandas en una paciente con antecedente de cáncer de mama hace 11 años

The Radioguided occult lesion localisation (ROLL) technique has been recently reported as a feasible tool for surgical resection of non-palpable 18F-FDG-avid lesions during follow-up PET/CT, using a minimally invasive procedure. The first case in our experience is reported, in which a soft-tissue metastasis could be resected in a patient with history of breast cancer 11 years ago

Biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela en cáncer de cérvix: experiencia en fase de validación / Selective biopsy of the sentinel node in cancer of cervix: Experience in validation phase

Antecedentes y objetivo: La biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (BSGC) surgió para disminuir la morbilidad asociada a la linfadenectomía pélvica en estadios iniciales del cáncer cervical (CC), conservando la información pronóstica obtenida de ella. El objetivo es determinar la validez diagnóstica de la BSGC en CC en estadios iniciales (IA1 con infiltración linfovascular [ILV] +, IA2, IB1 y IIA1), evitando así linfadenectomías innecesarias en muchos de los casos. Material y método: Desde enero del 2012 hasta abril del 2017, 23 pacientes con estadios iniciales de CC fueron incluidas en un estudio transversal de evaluación de la eficacia de la BSGC usando la técnica mixta de inyección cervical de 99mTc-nanocoloide de albúmina y azul de metileno, empleando linfogammagrafía planar combinada con imagen multimodalidad SPECT/TC y posterior extirpación del GC mediante laparoscopia. Resultados: La tasa de detección de la BSGC con técnica mixta fue del 95,6%, siendo el valor predictivo negativo (VPN) del 95,4% y la sensibilidad (S) del 100% en caso de drenaje bilateral. La media de GC extirpados fue de 3 (rango 1-5). La tasa de detección bilateral en la laparoscopia fue del 85,3%. La concordancia entre SPECT/TC y laparoscopia para el número y bilateralidad del GC mediante el coeficiente de Pearson fue r = 0,73 y r = 0,83, respectivamente; p = 0,01. Solo encontramos un GC con resultado diferido de micrometástasis y se detectó un falso negativo. Conclusiones: La BSGC en CC mediante técnica mixta tiene una elevada tasa de detección y de drenaje bilateral, pero aún la S es baja si incluimos casos de drenaje unilateral. Un mayor número de casos y el desarrollo de la ultraestadificación intraoperatoria podrían aumentar la S de la técnica y reducir el número de falsos negativos

Background and objective: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was created to reduce the morbidity associated with pelvic lymphadenectomy in the early stages of cervical cancer (CC), preserving its prognostic information. The goal is to assess the diagnostic validity of SLNB in CC in initial stages (IA1 with lymphovascular infiltration (LVI) +, IA2, IB1 and IIA1), thus avoiding unnecessary lymphadenectomies in many of the cases. Material and method: From January 2012 to April 2017, 23 patients with initial stages of CC were included in a cross-sectional study to evaluate the effectiveness of the SLNB in CC with a mixed technique of cervical injection of 99mTc-nanocolloid of albumin and methylene blue, using combined planar lymphoscintigraphy with multimodality SPECT/CT image and subsequent removal of the sentinel node (SN) by laparoscopy. Results: The detection rate of SLNB with the mixed technique was 95.65%, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.45% and sensitivity (S) of 100% in the case of bilateral drainage. The mean of excised SN was 3 (range 1-5). The bilateral detection rate in laparoscopy was 85.35%. The concordance between SPECT/CT and laparoscopy for the number and bilaterality of the SN using the Pearson coefficient was r = 0.727 and r = 0.833, respectively; p = 0.01. We only found one SN with a deferred result of micrometástasis and one false negative was detected. Conclusions: SLNB in CC using a mixed technique has a high detection and bilateral drainage rate, but S is still low if we include cases of unilateral drainage. A greater number of cases and the development of intraoperative ultrastaging could increase the S of the technique and to reduce the number of false negatives

Selective biopsy of the sentinel node in cancer of cervix: Experience in validation phase. / Biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela en cáncer de cérvix: experiencia en fase de validación.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was created to reduce the morbidity associated with pelvic lymphadenectomy in the early stages of cervical cancer (CC), preserving its prognostic information. The goal is to assess the diagnostic validity of SLNB in CC in initial stages (IA1 with lymphovascular infiltration (LVI) +, IA2, IB1 and IIA1), thus avoiding unnecessary lymphadenectomies in many of the cases. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January 2012 to April 2017, 23 patients with initial stages of CC were included in a cross-sectional study to evaluate the effectiveness of the SLNB in CC with a mixed technique of cervical injection of 99mTc-nanocolloid of albumin and methylene blue, using combined planar lymphoscintigraphy with multimodality SPECT/CT image and subsequent removal of the sentinel node (SN) by laparoscopy. RESULTS: The detection rate of SLNB with the mixed technique was 95.65%, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.45% and sensitivity (S) of 100% in the case of bilateral drainage. The mean of excised SN was 3 (range 1-5). The bilateral detection rate in laparoscopy was 85.35%. The concordance between SPECT/CT and laparoscopy for the number and bilaterality of the SN using the Pearson coefficient was r = 0.727 and r = 0.833, respectively; p = 0.01. We only found one SN with a deferred result of micrometástasis and one false negative was detected. CONCLUSIONS: SLNB in CC using a mixed technique has a high detection and bilateral drainage rate, but S is still low if we include cases of unilateral drainage. A greater number of cases and the development of intraoperative ultrastaging could increase the S of the technique and to reduce the number of false negatives.

Bone scintigraphy as cornerstone in the diagnosis of Erdheim-Chester disease / Papel crucial de la gammagrafía ósea en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Erdheim–Chester

The Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is an extremely rare form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The main difficulty for its diagnosis lies in the wide variety of non-specific symptoms and signs that can occur in the disease process, leading, therefore, to there being no clear-cut algorithm as a guide for an optimal biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. An 81-year-old male with history of diabetes insipidus was admitted due to non-specific respiratory signs. Imaging techniques revealed osteoblastic lesions in the lumbar spine. Whole-body bone-scintigraphy (BS) was performed, in which lesions involving the axial and appendicular skeleton, with different rates of osteoblastic activity, were observed. This highlighted a symmetrical severely intense uptake in the knees, leading to an accurate biopsy specimen that enabled making the definitive diagnosis. BS is a widely available, safe, and inexpensive technique that shows a characteristic pattern of uptake for ECD, thus its use is highly recommended for screening and guiding biopsy if clinical suspicion exists. Furthermore, when the scintigraphy pattern is incidentally observed, biopsy of increased uptake areas (tibia preferably) is mandatory in order to rule out the disease (AU)

La enfermedad de Erdheim-Chester es una histiocitosis no-Larngerhans extremadamente rara. La dificultad en su diagnóstico se debe a los signos y síntomas inespecíficos que presenta, que conlleva la ausencia de un claro algoritmo diagnóstico. Reportamos el caso de un varón de 81 años con diabetes insipidus en estudio por síntomas respiratorios inespecíficos. Lesiones osteoblásticas en la columna fueron referidas en técnicas radiológicas. Mediante gammagrafía ósea (GO) se observaron lesiones osteoblásticas con diferente actividad metabólica en esqueleto axial y apendicular, destacando una actividad muy elevada y simétrica en rodillas, cuya biopsia permitió el diagnóstico definitivo. La GO es una técnica disponible, segura y barata que muestra un patrón característico, por lo que recomendamos su realización como screening y guía para toma de biopsia. Ante el hallazgo incidental de dicho patrón debería realizarse biopsia (AU)

Bone scintigraphy as cornerstone in the diagnosis of Erdheim-Chester disease.

The Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is an extremely rare form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The main difficulty for its diagnosis lies in the wide variety of non-specific symptoms and signs that can occur in the disease process, leading, therefore, to there being no clear-cut algorithm as a guide for an optimal biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. An 81-year-old male with history of diabetes insipidus was admitted due to non-specific respiratory signs. Imaging techniques revealed osteoblastic lesions in the lumbar spine. Whole-body bone-scintigraphy (BS) was performed, in which lesions involving the axial and appendicular skeleton, with different rates of osteoblastic activity, were observed. This highlighted a symmetrical severely intense uptake in the knees, leading to an accurate biopsy specimen that enabled making the definitive diagnosis. BS is a widely available, safe, and inexpensive technique that shows a characteristic pattern of uptake for ECD, thus its use is highly recommended for screening and guiding biopsy if clinical suspicion exists. Furthermore, when the scintigraphy pattern is incidentally observed, biopsy of increased uptake areas (tibia preferably) is mandatory in order to rule out the disease.

[Confirmation of cortical lesions of progressive prosopagnosia by cerebral SPECT]. / Confirmación de lesiones corticales de la prosopagnosia progresiva mediante la SPECT cerebral.

We present the case of a 78 year old man admitted to the hospital with progressive memory disorder. Neuropsychological examination showed inability to recognize familiar faces (prosopagnosia). MRI documented cortical atrophy, which did not explain the neurological deficit. CT did not show abnormalities. Most patients with prosopagnosia present brain atrophy, as they are more than 65 years old. Scanning by SPECT revealed hypoperfusion in the right parietotemporal region, which was worse in a later examination.

Confirmación de lesiones corticales de la prosopagnosia progresiva mediante la SPECT cerebral / Confirmation of cortical lesions of progressive prospagnosia by cerebral spect

Se presenta el caso de un varón de 78 años que acudió al hospital por deterioro progresivo de la memoria. El estudio neuropsicológico informó que el paciente presentaba incapacidad para reconocer caras familiares (prosopagnosia). La prueba de RMN mostró atrofia cortical generalizada, que no explicaba la sintomatología. La TAC no evidenció anormalidades. La mayoría de los pacientes con prosopagnosia primaria presentan atrofia senil, debido a que son mayores de 65 años. La SPECT cerebral mostró áreas de hipoperfusión en región parietotemporal derecha, que empeoran en un control posterior (AU)

[Value of the diuretic isotopic renogram in the follow-up of the upper urinary tract after cystectomy and urinary diversion using intestine]. / Valor del renograma isotópico diurético en el seguimiento de la vía urinaria superior tras cistectomía y derivación urinaria con intestino.

INTRODUCTION: In our experience we often observe urinary upper tract dilatation after urinari diversion with bowel. To spare useful approaches and therapeutics we have used diuretic renogram. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 26 patients with urinary diversion (Mainz II or Paduana ileal neobladder). We performance ultrasound, urography and diuretic renogram. RESULTS: Follow-up is between 1 y 4 years. After urinary diversion, 54% of the upper tracts are dilated but only 39.3% of them are obstructed in the diuretic renogram. Normal urographic tracts are normal or have good response in the diuretic renogram. Results goes on in the time. CONCLUSIONS: Diuretic renogram is a useful tool in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract obstruction after urinary diversion.

Valor del renograma isotópico diurético en el seguimiento de la vía urinariasuperior tras cistectomía y derivación urinaria con intestino / Diuretic isotopic renogram in the follow-up of the upper urinary tract after intestinal urinary diversion

INTRODUCCIÓN: En nuestra experiencia es frecuente la dilatación de la vía urinaria superior tras la derivación urinaria con intestino. Para ahorrar actitudes terapéuticas innecesarias y distinguir que vías están dilatadas funcionalmente y cuales secundarias a estenosis ureterointestinal hemos utilizado el renograma isotópico diurético. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: 26 pacientes a los que se les ha realizado derivación intestinal bien tipo Mainz II bien tipo Paduana. Realizamos ecografía abdominal, urografía intravenosa, renograma diurético y urografía intravenosa. RESULTADOS: El seguimiento oscila entre 1 y 4 años. El 54 por ciento de las vías tras derivación están dilatadas, de las cuales sólo el 39,3 por ciento muestran patrón obstructivo en el renograma diurético, confirmándose la estenosis en el manejo endourológico de la misma. Las vías urográficamente normales son normales o responden a diurético en el renograma. El 75 por ciento de las vías anuladas funcionalmente en el urograma están anuladas en el renograma. Los resultados se mantienen a lo largo del seguimiento de estos enfermos. CONCLUSIONES: El renograma diurético es útil para distinguir que vía dilatada está obstruida de cual no lo está. Los resultados se mantienen en el tiempo (AU)